Justice BAER.
In this capital case, John Joseph Koehler ("Appellant") appeals from an order of the Bradford County Common Pleas Court, which dismissed his petition for collateral relief filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act ("PCRA"), 42 Pa. C.S. §§ 9541-9546.
The record establishes that in 1996, Appellant was convicted of the first degree murder of Regina Clark and her nine year-old son, Austin Hopper. The evidence presented at Appellant's trial established the following, as recited in our opinion on direct appeal. Commonwealth v. Koehler, 558 Pa. 334, 737 A.2d 225 (1999). In August of 1994, Appellant informed 18 year-old William Curley that he was a "hit man" for the mob. Appellant attempted to recruit Curley into his "profession" by promising that Curley could earn "six digits."
Eight months later, on April 17, 1995, while Curley was staying at the home of his friends, Melissa Mack and Ricky Hunsinger, Appellant informed Curley that he was bringing "two packages" and wanted Curly to "deliver them." Unbeknownst to Curley, Appellant meant that he was bringing two individuals to Curley, and wanted Curley to kill them. Curley unwittingly agreed. On April 18, 1995, at 4:00 a.m., Appellant arrived at the Mack/Hunsinger residence, accompanied by Regina Clark, with whom Appellant had a romantic relationship, and Clark's nine year-old son, Austin Hopper. Melissa Mack had the opportunity to observe Clark and her son while they stayed in Mack's home. It is unclear why Appellant chose Clark to be the victim of Curley's first killing.
Shortly after Appellant arrived, he explained to Curley that he wanted him to kill Clark. Curley, however, stated that he did not want to participate in the murder. In response, Appellant threatened that if Curley refused to kill Clark, Appellant would kill Curley. Appellant also gave Curley a loaded .22 caliber Baretta to use for the murder, and the two men located an abandoned refrigerator at a dump where they could dispose of Clark's body after the shooting. Curley again told Appellant that he did not want to kill Clark, to which Appellant responded, "kill or be killed." N.T. Mar. 28, 1996, Vol. VII at 47. The men thereafter agreed that Curley would kill Clark later that afternoon on Stone Jug Road.
Before acting upon their plans, Appellant and Curley drove Clark and Hopper to a restaurant. Appellant entered the restaurant, while Curley, Clark, and Hopper drove off, purportedly to retrieve another vehicle. The true purpose of the diversion was for Curley to kill Clark on Stone Jug Road. Curley drove to that location with Clark and Hopper, and pointed a gun to the back of Clark's head. Neither Clark nor Hopper observed the gun. Curley, however, could not pull the trigger, and, instead drove Clark and Hopper back to the restaurant to join Appellant.
That same afternoon, Appellant and Curley discussed where the murder should take place, and decided that it would occur at the home of Janet Schrader, as Curley was a friend of Schrader's son, Kirk. Hours later, Curley proceeded to the Schraders' residence, accompanied by Appellant, Clark, and Hopper. Everyone entered the Schraders' home, with the exception of Curley, who remained in the garage. Appellant and Kirk Schrader later joined Curley in the garage to discuss ways to kill Clark. When Curley told Appellant that he did not think he could execute the plan, Appellant responded that Curley had to kill Clark. Ultimately, Curley waited in the garage alone, and when Clark entered, shot her three times in the head. Curley then placed Clark in the trunk of his car. Appellant came to the garage to check Clark's pulse, and believed she was still alive. Appellant then suggested that Curley slit Clark's throat. Curley grabbed a knife, and then he and Kirk Schrader entered the car and drove off, hearing a thumping noise emanating from the trunk.
Curley dropped Kirk off at the home of Kirk's friend, Roger Hitchcock, and proceeded to dispose of Clark's body in the abandoned refrigerator at the dump. Curley slightly cut Clark's throat with the knife, closed the refrigerator door, and returned to the Schraders' residence. When he arrived, Appellant told Curley that Clark's nine year-old son, Austin Hopper, was a "loose link," and had to be killed. Shortly thereafter, Curley accompanied
When Curley arrived back at the Schraders' residence, he and Appellant cleaned the garage where the shootings took place. The two men thereafter returned to the abandoned refrigerator to secure it with a lock and chain, but the chain was too short. The men then drove to "Twin Ponds," where, upon Appellant's suggestion, Curley disposed of the knife and the gun used in the murders. Appellant later drove Curley to the Mack/Hunsinger residence, left him, and drove away. The following week, Curley moved to North Carolina.
Eight days after the murders, on April 26, 1995, a man searching for recyclables at the dump discovered Clark's body in the abandoned refrigerator, and contacted the police. Melissa Mack, with whom Appellant, Curley, and Clark had stayed prior to the killings, heard a news broadcast, which indicated that a woman's body wearing particular clothing had been discovered one-half mile from Mack's home. Mack recognized the clothing as that worn by Clark on the day of the shooting, and called police. Mack later identified the body discovered in the refrigerator as Clark's, and told police that Clark had been travelling with a child. Mack further consented to a search of her home, which revealed, inter alia, a lock and bullets.
On April 28, 1995, police officers travelled to North Carolina to interview Curley. Curley confessed to the shootings and told the officers where the boy's body could be found. He also revealed Appellant's involvement in the crimes, and disclosed where they had discarded the murder weapon. At 11:00 p.m. that evening, the police found Austin Hopper's body, and later recovered from Twin Ponds the gun and knife used in the murders. The police thereafter arrested Curley and charged him with the first degree murders of Clark and Hopper, various counts of criminal conspiracy, kidnapping, and aggravated assault, and one count each of endangering the welfare of a child and possession of an instrument of crime. The police also subsequently arrested Appellant for the first degree murders of Clark and Hopper, and charged him with related offenses. The Commonwealth tried Curley and Appellant separately, prosecuting Curley first.
Curley waived his right to a jury, and proceeded to a bench trial based on stipulated facts on March 6, 1996. Immediately prior to Curley's trial, however, the Commonwealth nolle prossed all the lesser charges against Curley, and proceed to prosecute him for two counts of first degree murder and one count of burglary. During Curley's trial, the Commonwealth's theory of criminal liability was that although Appellant solicited Curley to kill Clark and Hopper, Curley acted with his own free will in carrying out the crimes. Curley was thereafter convicted of two counts of first degree murder and one count of burglary.
On March 25, 1996, after Curley was convicted, but prior to his penalty proceeding, Appellant's trial commenced. To demonstrate Appellant's criminal liability for the first degree murders of Clark and Hopper based on a conspiracy and accomplice theory, the Commonwealth presented Curley's testimony, which described in detail Appellant's participation in the crimes. Curley informed the jury that in exchange for his testimony against Appellant, the Commonwealth would stipulate in Curley's upcoming penalty proceeding that his cooperation served as mitigating evidence. The Commonwealth also presented the testimony of Kirk Schrader, whose involvement
The Commonwealth also presented the testimony of a forensic pathologist, who opined that the cause of Clark's death was a gunshot wound to the head, and the manner of her death was homicide. The forensic pathologist further testified that the cause of Hopper's death was multiple gunshot wounds, and that the manner of his death was homicide. Additionally, Kerrien Ramsey testified that she had travelled with Appellant, Clark, and Hopper, before the murders in February or March of 1995, and that Appellant showed Ramsey a loaded gun and told Ramsey that he would kill Clark.
On April 11, 1996, the jury convicted Appellant of two counts of first degree murder, two counts of conspiracy to commit murder, two counts of kidnapping, and one count of burglary. At the penalty phase of the trial, the Commonwealth urged the jury to find three aggravating circumstances: (1) Appellant's conviction of another murder either before or at the time of the offense at issue, 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(d)(11) (relating to both murders); (2) that the victim was less than twelve years' old, id. § 9711(d)(16) (relating only to Hopper's murder); and (3) that the defendant paid or had contracted to pay or be paid by another person for the killing of the victim. Id. § 9711(d)(2). As mitigating evidence, the defense presented only the testimony of Appellant's mother, who explained that she divorced Appellant's father when Appellant was seven years old, that she was rarely home as she worked two jobs, and that her ex-husband had been physically abusive to Appellant. See N.T. Apr. 12, 1996, at 21-25.
As to the first degree murder of Clark, the jury found one aggravating circumstance (Appellant's conviction of another murder) and no mitigating circumstances. Regarding the first degree murder of Hopper, the jury found two aggravating circumstances (Appellant's conviction of another murder and the victim being less than twelve years' old) and no mitigating circumstances. Accordingly, the jury returned two death sentences. The trial court thereafter imposed two sentences of death, as well as additional terms of incarceration for the remaining offenses, totaling 35 to 70 years of imprisonment.
Appellant, represented by trial counsel, filed a direct appeal in this Court, raising 15 issues. Finding no merit to his contentions, we affirmed Appellant's judgment of sentence. Commonwealth v. Koehler, 558 Pa. 334, 737 A.2d 225 (1999). The United States Supreme Court denied Appellant's petition for writ of certiorari on October 2, 2000. Koehler v. Pennsylvania, 531 U.S. 829, 121 S.Ct. 79, 148 L.Ed.2d 41 (2000).
On September 6, 2001, Appellant filed a timely petition for post-conviction relief entitled, "Petition for Habeas Corpus Relief Under Article I, Section 14 of the Pennsylvania Constitution and For Statutory Post-Conviction Relief under the Post Conviction Relief Act," in which he raised
At the evidentiary hearing, Appellant did not question counsel regarding his trial strategy as it related to each claim of ineffectiveness presented. Further, when Appellant questioned counsel regarding his general handling of the direct appeal, counsel responded that he had no recollection of any particular appellate strategy. See N.T. May 31, 2006 at 49 (where counsel states, "I don't remember anything about the appeal. I wasn't aware that you were going to ask me questions in this area, and I made no attempt to refresh my recollection. It's been ten years and I don't have a good memory."). Counsel went on to testify, however, that his general appellate strategy was to raise any issue on appeal "that might well be viable." Id. at 50.
On June 30, 2009, the PCRA court issued an opinion and order denying collateral relief. The court found that while Appellant raised 19 issues in his PCRA petition, he pursued only the three aforementioned claims at the PCRA hearing and in his brief. As to the first issue addressed at the PCRA hearing, the court held that because there were no inconsistencies between the Commonwealth's theories in the separate prosecutions of Appellant and Curley, no due process violations resulted, and there was no basis for an ineffectiveness claim. The court reasoned that it was not inconsistent to argue in Appellant's trial that he solicited Curley to commit murder, and argue in Curley's trial that Curley was not under duress and acted with free will. It held that the evidence supported a finding that Curley was motivated to commit the offenses by both his fear of Appellant, and his belief that it would be "neat" to be a "hit man."
Concerning the second issue addressed at the PCRA hearing, the court held that the Commonwealth did not violate Brady by failing to disclose agreements it had purportedly entered into with Commonwealth witnesses Curley and Schrader. In reaching this conclusion, the PCRA court
Finally, the PCRA court held that trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to present sufficient mitigating evidence. It concluded that while counsel devoted little time to developing mitigation evidence, and presented scant evidence at the penalty hearing, there was virtually no mitigation evidence available to trial counsel. Thus, the court held that Appellant failed to demonstrate that he was prejudiced by counsel's performance in this regard.
In response to Appellant's Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), the PCRA court issued an opinion on December 30, 2009, referencing its June 30, 2006 opinion, which addressed the three claims described above. The court further explained that the remaining substantive claims were waived for failure to raise them on direct appeal, and the derivative ineffectiveness claims failed because Appellant "failed to produce evidence that counsel's chosen course of action had no reasonable basis designed to effectuate his client's interests." PCRA Ct. Opinion, Dec. 30, 2009, at 1. The court further held:
Id. at 6.
In his direct appeal from the denial of PCRA relief, Appellant now raises 13 issues. Our review of a PCRA court's decision is limited to examining whether the PCRA court's findings of fact are supported by the record, and whether its conclusions of law are free from legal error. Commonwealth v. Colavita, 606 Pa. 1, 993 A.2d 874, 886 (2010). The scope of review is limited to the findings of the PCRA court and the evidence of record, viewed in the light most favorable to the prevailing party at the PCRA court level. Id.
To be eligible for PCRA relief, Appellant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that his conviction or sentence resulted from one or more of the enumerated circumstances found at 42 Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(2) (listing, inter alia, the ineffective assistance of counsel and the unavailability at the time of trial of exculpatory evidence, which would have changed the outcome of the trial had it been introduced). Further, Appellant must demonstrate that the issues raised in his PCRA petition have not been previously litigated or waived. Id. § 9543(a)(3). An issue has been previously litigated if "the highest appellate court in which the petitioner could have had review as a matter of right
The majority of Appellant's claims challenge the effectiveness of prior counsel. It is well-established that counsel is presumed effective, and to rebut that presumption, the PCRA petitioner must demonstrate that counsel's performance was deficient and that such deficiency prejudiced him. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-91, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). This Court has characterized the Strickland standard as tripartite, by dividing the performance element into two distinct parts. Commonwealth v. Pierce, 515 Pa. 153, 527 A.2d 973, 975 (1987). Thus, to prove counsel ineffective, Appellant must demonstrate that: (1) the underlying legal issue has arguable merit; (2) counsel's actions lacked an objective reasonable basis; and (3) Appellant was prejudiced by counsel's act or omission. Id. at 975.
Relating to the reasonable basis prong, "[g]enerally, where matters of strategy and tactics are concerned, counsel's assistance is deemed constitutionally effective if he chose a particular course that had some reasonable basis designed to effectuate his client's interests." Colavita, 993 A.2d at 887 (citing Commonwealth v. Howard, 553 Pa. 266, 719 A.2d 233, 237 (1998)). Courts should not deem counsel's strategy or tactic unreasonable "unless it can be concluded that an alternative not chosen offered a potential for success substantially greater than the course actually pursued." Id. Also "[a]s a general rule, a lawyer should not be held ineffective without first having an opportunity to address the accusation in some fashion.... The ultimate focus of an ineffectiveness inquiry is always upon counsel, and not upon an alleged deficiency in the abstract." Colavita, 993 A.2d at 895.
Relating to the prejudice prong of the ineffectiveness test, the PCRA petitioner must demonstrate "that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's error or omission, the result of the proceeding would have been different." Commonwealth v. Ly, 602 Pa. 268, 980 A.2d 61, 73 (2009). Particularly relevant herein, it is well-settled that "a court is not required to analyze the elements of an ineffectiveness claim in any particular order of priority; instead, if a claim fails under any necessary element of the Strickland test, the court may proceed to that element first." Commonwealth v. Lesko, 609 Pa. 128, 15 A.3d 345, 374 (2011) (citing Strickland, supra; Commonwealth v. Albrecht, 554 Pa. 31, 720 A.2d 693, 701 (1998)).
As Appellant was represented by the same counsel at trial and on direct appeal, the first opportunity for him to challenge trial counsel's performance was on collateral review. See Commonwealth v. Bennett, 593 Pa. 382, 930 A.2d 1264, 1274 (2007) (recognizing general rule that counsel cannot raise his own ineffectiveness).
Appellant argues that the Commonwealth violated Brady by failing to disclose the separate agreements that it had entered into with Commonwealth witnesses Curley and Schrader. Before examining the details of the purportedly undisclosed agreements, we review the relevant law. In Brady, the United States Supreme Court held that "the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution." Id. at 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194. This Court has held that to prove a Brady violation, the defendant has the burden of demonstrating that: "(1) the prosecutor has suppressed evidence; (2) the evidence, whether exculpatory or impeaching, is helpful to the defendant, and (3) the suppression prejudiced the defendant." Commonwealth v. Carson, 590 Pa. 501, 913 A.2d 220, 245 (2007) (citing Commonwealth v. Collins, 585 Pa. 45, 888 A.2d 564, 577-78 (2005)). Prejudice is demonstrated where the evidence suppressed is material to guilt or innocence. Ly, 980 A.2d at 75. Further, "[f]avorable evidence is material, and constitutional error results from its suppression by the government, if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." Commonwealth v. Paddy, 609 Pa. 272, 15 A.3d 431, 450 (2011) (citations omitted).
With this background in mind, we proceed to review Appellant's claims as they relate to the separate agreements allegedly entered into between the Commonwealth and Curley and Schrader.
Initially, we acknowledge that Curley's testimony was critical to the prosecution as it served as the primary evidence that Appellant not only solicited Curley to kill the victims, but also threatened to kill Curley if he did not carry out the murders. As noted, Curley testified at Appellant's trial that the Commonwealth had agreed that Curley's cooperation with the authorities would serve as mitigating evidence at Curley's upcoming sentencing proceeding. Appellant contends, however, that Curley entered into a separate agreement with the Commonwealth, whereby he would testify against Appellant in exchange for the nolle pros of charges relating to the instant murders, including all counts of criminal conspiracy, kidnapping, and aggravated assault, and one count each of endangering the welfare of a child, and possession of an instrument of crime. He asserts that, immediately before Curley's bench trial, the Commonwealth dismissed
In support of this claim, Appellant presented at the PCRA hearing the testimony of Attorney Kyle Rude, Curley's defense counsel. Attorney Rude testified that Curley had no incentive to testify against Appellant because District Attorney McGuinness had refused "to take the death penalty off the table." N.T. Jun. 1, 2006, at 27. Attorney Rude further stated that on March 6, 1996, immediately prior to Curley's bench trial on stipulated facts, he asked District Attorney McGuiness to "drop any of the charges" against Curley. See id. at 28 (wherein Attorney Rude testified that "[a]t the last moment we agreed or I asked Mister McGuiness if he would be willing to drop any of the charges, just prior to the case stated trial. And that was not something that was for Mister Curley's testimony, but I call it a last little push-a nudge, at the end, before the case stated trial"). While conceding that the District Attorney did not expressly agree to dismiss the charges at issue in exchange for Curley's testimony against Appellant, Attorney Rude testified that the Commonwealth actually dismissed such charges shortly after he requested the same. Id. at 53, 58, 74. Appellant characterizes such action as an undisclosed deal between the Commonwealth and Curley, which the Commonwealth had an obligation to disclose to Appellant.
The Commonwealth, however, presented evidence at the PCRA hearing disputing the existence of an undisclosed deal between Curley and the Commonwealth. Specifically, the Commonwealth presented the testimony of District Attorney McGuinness who explained that he agreed to nolle pros several charges against Curley prior to Curley's bench trial solely because he desired to make the case easier for the trial judge to render a prompt decision, as he wanted to have at least the guilt phase of Curley's trial concluded prior to Appellant's trial. Id. at 100. District Attorney McGuinness testified that the Commonwealth had very strong evidence against Curley supporting two counts of first degree murder and burglary, and was not concerned with the kidnapping and misdemeanor charges. Id. He further definitively stated that dismissing the lesser charges was never part of an agreement with Curley to obtain his testimony against Appellant. Id. at 99. Rather, District Attorney McGuinness emphasized, the full extent of the Commonwealth's agreement with Curley, as explained on the record at Appellant's trial, was that the Commonwealth agreed to stipulate that Curley's cooperation in Appellant's prosecution would serve as mitigating evidence at Curley's sentencing. Id.
The PCRA court credited the testimony of District Attorney McGuinness and found as a matter of fact that there was no undisclosed agreement between Curley and the Commonwealth. Consistent with both District Attorney McGuinness' testimony at the PCRA hearing and Curley's testimony at Appellant's trial, the PCRA court held that the only consideration for Curley's testimony was that it would serve as mitigating evidence at Curley's sentencing hearing—a fact of which Appellant's
The Commonwealth argues that there is ample support in the record for the PCRA court's factual finding that no undisclosed agreement existed between the Commonwealth and Curley, thus, no impeachment evidence was suppressed. It relies on the testimony of District Attorney McGuinness, as referenced above, as well as Curley's testimony at Appellant's trial that the only benefit he received in exchange for his testimony against Appellant was that such testimony would serve as mitigating evidence at Curley's sentencing. The Commonwealth points out that the PCRA court credited the testimony of District Attorney McGuinness, and that this Court cannot, pursuant to Appellant's suggestion, reweigh the evidence presented.
Upon careful review of the record, we agree with the Commonwealth that there is ample support for the PCRA court's factual finding that the Commonwealth's dismissal of lesser criminal charges prior to Curley's murder trial did not serve as consideration for Curley's subsequent testimony at Appellant's trial. See id. at 99 (where District Attorney McGuiness indicates that the agreement with Curley did not, in any way, include the dismissal of certain charges against Curley). Because there was no undisclosed agreement between the Commonwealth and Curley regarding the dismissal of charges against Curley, no exculpatory or impeaching evidence existed that the Commonwealth had an obligation to disclose under Brady. Appellant was, therefore, properly denied collateral relief on this claim.
Appellant next argues that the Commonwealth violated Brady by failing to disclose that, in exchange for Schrader's testimony against Appellant, the Commonwealth had agreed not to prosecute Schrader for any offenses related to the instant murders. As noted, Schrader testified at Appellant's trial that he observed Curley and Appellant discuss plans to kill Clark, and that later that day, he heard gunshots being fired in his garage, and saw Curley in the garage with his arm extended. The cars in the garage purportedly blocked Schrader's view of Curley's gun and Clark. Schrader's testimony was critical to the prosecution, Appellant maintains, because Schrader was the only witness who could corroborate Curley's version of the events. Schrader also testified at Appellant's trial that he did not receive promises of leniency from the Commonwealth in exchange for his testimony. Appellant submits that the Commonwealth emphasized this in its closing argument when the prosecutor told the jury there were no offers of immunity and no deals to obtain Schrader's testimony. See N.T. Apr. 10, 1996, Vol. XXVI, at 21 (where the prosecutor, in closing argument, stated that no immunity was given to Schrader and that Schrader's testimony could be used against him). This was false, Appellant argues, because the evidence at the PCRA hearing demonstrates that a non-prosecution agreement existed.
After conducting an evidentiary hearing on Schrader's motion to dismiss, the trial court credited the testimony of Schrader's defense counsel, which established that District Attorney Robert Fleury
Appellant argues that the import of the trial court's finding in Schrader's case is not only the formal judicial determination that a non-prosecution agreement was entered into between the Commonwealth and Schrader one year prior to Appellant's trial, but the recognition that Schrader inculpated himself only after being explicitly advised by the Commonwealth that he would not be prosecuted. This information, Appellant maintains, should have been disclosed to him for impeachment purposes. See Commonwealth v. Strong, 563 Pa. 455, 761 A.2d 1167, 1171 (2000) (holding that "[a]ny implication, promise, or understanding that the government would extend leniency in exchange for a witness' testimony is relevant to the witness' credibility"). Further, Appellant submits, his trial counsel testified at his PCRA evidentiary hearing that Schrader was an important witness, that the existence of a non-prosecution agreement would have been directly relevant to Schrader's credibility, and that counsel would have used such an agreement to impeach Schrader at Appellant's trial. N.T. May 31, 2006, at 35.
The Commonwealth responds that Appellant's statement of the material facts supporting this Brady claim, while correct, is incomplete because, as developed infra, the evidence at the PCRA evidentiary
In support of its position, the Commonwealth relies on the testimony provided by District Attorney McGuinness at Appellant's PCRA hearing. District Attorney McGuinness testified that when he assumed his role of attorney for the Commonwealth after District Attorney Fleury held that position, he personally informed Schrader, prior to Appellant's trial, that there was no binding agreement between him and the Commonwealth, that the Commonwealth would not make any offer, and that Schrader could testify as a witness for the prosecution or not, as it was his choice. N.T. Jun. 1, 2006, at 121-22. The Commonwealth argues that District Attorney McGuinness' testimony in this regard is consistent with Schrader's testimony at Appellant's trial and District Attorney McGuinness' on-the-record representation to the court at Appellant's trial, which established that there was no agreement between Schrader and the Commonwealth at that particular point in time. N.T. Apr. 3, 1996, Vol. XVII, at 68 (where District Attorney McGuinness informs the court at Appellant's trial that he personally informed Schrader, as did a trooper and investigator, that the information Schrader was about to testify to could be used against him); id. at 108-09 (where Schrader testifies at Appellant's trial that he is not testifying under immunity, that he understands that he could be charged for offenses related to the murders of Clark and Hopper, and that he received no promises or favors in exchange for his testimony).
The PCRA court expressly credited the testimony of District Attorney McGuinness, and found that "at the time Schrader testified at [Appellant's] trial, the non-prosecution agreement clearly had been repudiated by the Commonwealth, whether lawfully or not, and Schrader himself acknowledged that he had no form of immunity." PCRA Ct. Opinion, Jun. 30, 2009, at 8. The PCRA court went on to state that "there is not a scintilla of evidence that when Schrader testified at [Appellant's] trial, he believed there was any promise of leniency from the Commonwealth. In short, there was no undisclosed agreement which might have impeached
The PCRA court further held that, contrary to Appellant's contentions, Schrader's testimony was not critical to Appellant's prosecution because even without such testimony, "the evidence points ineluctably to [Appellant's] guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. at 9. Thus, the court concluded that even if Appellant could establish that Schrader testified under an undisclosed non-prosecution agreement, Appellant was not prejudiced by the Commonwealth's failure to disclose the same. Id.
We conclude that the PCRA court's factual findings are supported by the record and its legal conclusions are free from error. There was ample evidence of record to support the finding that Schrader believed that his testimony at Appellant's trial could subsequently be used against him, and, therefore, had no incentive to fabricate testimony in exchange for favorable treatment by the Commonwealth. As noted by the Commonwealth, this was established by the testimony of District Attorney McGuinness at Appellant's PCRA evidentiary hearing, and the testimony of Schrader, himself, at Appellant's trial, as referenced above. N.T. Jun. 1, 2006, at 121-22; N.T. Apr. 3, 1996, Vol. XVIII, at 108-09. Considering that the PCRA court credited the testimony establishing that Schrader believed the non-prosecution agreement had been revoked, it strains logic to conclude that Appellant could have used such agreement to impeach Schrader's testimony to demonstrate bias on the part of Schrader. This Brady claim, therefore, fails.
Appellant next argues that the Commonwealth violated his right to substantive due process as guaranteed by the federal and state constitutions when it pursued a prosecution theory at his trial that was irreconcilable with the prosecution theory later pursued in Curley's penalty proceeding.
In a related claim, Appellant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to review Curley's "court file" prior to the commencement of Appellant's trial. He contends that review of Curley's file would have revealed the Commonwealth's inconsistent theories of prosecution, and enabled
In response, the Commonwealth contends that Appellant waived his due process claim because it was not raised on direct appeal, despite the fact that Curley's sentencing phase was completed in May of 1996, long before Appellant's post-sentence motions were due. It further argues that the due process claim fails on the merits because Appellant cites no decision of this Court or the United States Supreme Court, which stands for the proposition that the Commonwealth may not pursue different prosecutorial theories in separate murder trials of codefendants. The Commonwealth views Appellant's claim as an improper request for this Court to adopt a new rule of law and apply it retroactively to his case.
Even assuming that inconsistent theories of prosecution are constitutionally prohibited, the Commonwealth submits that the theories pursued at the trials of Appellant and Curley were harmonious in that they both suggested that Curley committed the murders at Appellant's request. According to the Commonwealth, it has never denied, in any proceeding, that Appellant acted in a menacing or threatening way in coaxing Curley to kill Clark and Hopper. At Appellant's trial, the Commonwealth asserts, it emphasized the nature of Appellant's manipulative conduct and the fact that such conduct was directed towards Curley, who was only 18 years of age at the time of the offenses. At Curley's penalty trial, the Commonwealth submits, it emphasized Curley's ability to overcome Appellant's coercion and his desire to be trained as a "hit man." The Commonwealth concludes that it is not inconsistent to argue that Appellant placed Curley in the felonious situation by coercing and threatening him, and later, to assert that Curley was not compelled to heed Appellant's commands.
Finally, with respect to Appellant's derivative ineffectiveness claim, the Commonwealth argues that the claim fails for lack of arguable merit. It reiterates that, to date, neither this Court nor the United States Supreme Court has held that the Commonwealth is constitutionally prohibited from presenting different prosecutorial theories at separate trials for codefendants charged with the same murder, and counsel cannot be found ineffective for failing to assert this novel position. See Commonwealth v. Cox, 603 Pa. 223, 983 A.2d 666, 702 (2009) (holding that counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to anticipate a change in the law). The Commonwealth argues that Appellant failed to satisfy the second prong of the ineffectiveness test, i.e., counsel's actions lacked an objective reasonable basis. It contends that trial counsel's failure to review transcripts from Curley's penalty proceeding was imminently reasonable because, at the time of Appellant's trial, they simply did not yet exist. Further, it asserts that at the PCRA evidentiary hearing, Appellant did not question counsel as to why he failed to review the transcript of Curley's penalty hearing and pursue the due process claim on direct appeal.
As noted, the PCRA court concluded that a review of the record revealed no inconsistencies between the Commonwealth theories set forth in the separate prosecutions of Appellant and Curley. It agreed with the Commonwealth that it was not inconsistent to argue in Appellant's trial that he solicited Curley to commit murder, yet also argue in Curley's penalty trial that Curley was not under duress and acted with free will. Accordingly, the PCRA court held that there were no resultant due process violations, which could serve as the basis for an ineffectiveness claim.
Initially, we agree with the Commonwealth that the substantive due process claim is waived as Appellant could have raised it on direct appeal, but failed to do so. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9544(b) (providing that a PCRA claim is waived "if the petitioner could have raised it but failed to do so before trial, at trial, during unitary review, on appeal or in a prior state post[-]conviction proceeding"). Curley's penalty proceeding concluded in May of 1996, and Appellant did not file his direct appeal until January of 1998. Thus, Appellant had ample time to obtain the transcript from Curley's penalty proceeding, and include a due process claim in his direct appeal based upon an alleged inconsistency in prosecutorial theories presented at Appellant's trial and Curley's subsequent penalty hearing. Appellant does not argue to the contrary, but rather maintains that his derivative ineffective assistance of counsel claim is not waived because the first opportunity for him to assert it was in his PCRA petition.
Thus, we conclude that the only viable claim is one alleging counsel's ineffectiveness for failing to review the transcripts of Curley's penalty hearing and pursue on direct appeal a claim alleging a violation of due process based on the presentation of inconsistent theories at Appellant's trial and Curley's penalty hearing.
Appellant next argues that appellate counsel, who also served as trial counsel, challenged ineffectively on direct appeal the trial court's failure to remove juror Lorraine Smith. As background information, we note that on the tenth day of Appellant's trial, a police officer testified that Appellant had previously stayed with
Without citing any law or facts overlooked by appellate counsel, Appellant now argues that the manner by which appellate counsel raised the issue on direct appeal was ineffective because counsel failed to "properly raise, brief and litigate this issue under the proper constitutional standards." Initial Brief of Appellant at 41-42. He summarily concludes that counsel had no reasonable basis for failing to present adequately this claim on direct appeal, and that he was prejudiced by counsel's performance.
In response, the Commonwealth contends that this claim lacks arguable merit because Appellant fails to identify how appellate counsel's presentation of the claim was constitutionally deficient. It asserts that on direct appeal, appellate counsel invoked the Constitution, recited the proper standard of review, and set forth argument as to how the relationship between Juror Smith and Collins could have affected Smith's consideration of the evidence. The Commonwealth maintains that Appellant has failed to articulate what different course of action appellate counsel should have taken. Moreover, it emphasizes that because Appellant did not present at the PCRA hearing evidence of appellate counsel's thought process in presenting the claim on direct appeal, he has failed to demonstrate that counsel's stewardship during the appeal lacked a reasonable basis. Finally, as to the prejudice prong of the ineffectiveness test, the Commonwealth submits that Appellant has failed to identify a single fact omitted by counsel or a single principle of law overlooked by this Court on direct appeal, which would establish a reasonable probability that the outcome of the appeal would have been different.
The PCRA court summarily rejected this claim, holding that Appellant failed to satisfy his burden of demonstrating ineffectiveness because he failed to produce evidence that counsel's chosen course of action lacked a reasonable basis designed to effectuate his client's interests. PCRA Ct. Opinion, Dec. 30, 2009, at 1. Similarly, finding that Appellant had failed to explore appellate counsel's reasoning at the PCRA hearing, the court concluded that he had not overcome the presumption that appellate counsel provided effective representation.
We agree with the PCRA court that Appellant is not entitled to relief
Appellant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the trial court's refusal to dismiss Juror Mary Ann Schwartz for cause. The record establishes that after serving as an alternate juror for several days of Appellant's trial, Mary Ann Schwartz informed the court that she had a disturbing feeling that, nearly a year before, she may have seen Appellant in a car at a gas station with another adult male and a young boy, and remembers wondering why the child was not in school. See N.T. March 28, 1996, Vol. IX, at 1-9. Such observation was not related in any way to the instant murders.
After the court, the Commonwealth, and trial counsel each questioned Schwartz about her alleged observation and her ability to serve as a juror, the trial court ruled
Appellant now argues that his claim of trial counsel ineffectiveness has arguable merit because the trial court's failure to dismiss Schwartz for cause deprived him of due process and a fair trial by an impartial jury. He submits that although Schwartz ultimately indicated that she would not be affected by her disturbing recollection, a review of the colloquy demonstrates the contrary. See Initial Brief of Appellant at 45 (citing Patton v. Yount, 467 U.S. 1025, 1036, 104 S.Ct. 2885, 81 L.Ed.2d 847 (1984) for the proposition that when reviewing the propriety of a denial of a challenge for cause the court inquires whether the juror swore that he could set aside any opinion that he might hold and decide the case on the evidence, and whether the juror's protestations of impartiality should be believed). Regarding the reasonable basis prong of the ineffectiveness test, Appellant asserts, without elaboration, that counsel "could have had no reasonable basis for failing to adequately raise and preserve this issue." Initial Brief of Appellant at 45. In a similar fashion, he baldly asserts that he was prejudiced by trial counsel's performance because there is nothing more fundamental than an accused's right to a fair and impartial jury.
The Commonwealth responds that Appellant's claim lacks arguable merit because the trial court questioned Schwartz regarding whether she could base her verdict solely on the evidence, and she responded in the affirmative. It submits that despite this representation, Appellant claims that the trial court should have presumed that Schwartz could not act impartially. The Commonwealth further maintains that because Appellant did not question trial counsel at the PCRA evidentiary hearing as to why he failed to object to the trial court's refusal to dismiss Schwartz for cause, he has failed to demonstrate the reasonable basis prong of the ineffectiveness test. Finally, it argues that Appellant has failed to demonstrate that he was prejudiced by trial counsel's failure to lodge an objection, and make this an appellate issue. The Commonwealth submits that when Schwartz was questioned by the trial court she was an alternate juror, and there is no indication in the record that she was ever substituted as a juror who participated in the deliberations and voted on the ultimate verdict. Thus, it concludes, Appellant could not have been prejudiced by the trial court's failure to dismiss her for cause.
The PCRA court summarily rejected this claim, finding that the substantive claim was waived, and that Appellant failed to satisfy his burden of demonstrating ineffectiveness. It held that Appellant failed to produce evidence that counsel's chosen course of action had no reasonable basis designed to effectuate his client's interests. PCRA Ct. Opinion, Dec. 30, 2009, at 1. The court further stated that Appellant failed to explore appellate counsel's reasoning in failing to preserve the claim on appeal. Id. at 6.
We agree that Appellant is not entitled to relief. "The test for determining whether a prospective juror should be disqualified is whether he is willing and able to eliminate the influence of any scruples and render a verdict according to the evidence, and this is to be determined on the basis of answers to questions and demeanor." Commonwealth v. Cox, 603 Pa. 223, 983 A.2d 666, 682 (2009) (citing Commonwealth
Appellant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to pervasive prosecutorial misconduct that occurred during opening statements, at trial, during closing arguments, and throughout the penalty phase of trial, and for failing to request a cautionary instruction directing the jury to disregard each of the prosecutor's allegedly improper statements and his improper conduct.
Before elaborating on the specifics of Appellant's claim, we recognize that a claim of ineffective assistance grounded in trial counsel's failure to object to a prosecutor's conduct "may succeed when the petitioner demonstrates that the prosecutor's actions violated a constitutionally or statutorily protected right, such as the Fifth Amendment privilege against compulsory self-incrimination or the Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial, or a constitutional interest such as due process." Cox, 983 A.2d at 685 (quoting Commonwealth v. Tedford, 598 Pa. 639, 960 A.2d 1, 29 (2008)). "To constitute a due process violation, the prosecutorial misconduct must be of sufficient significance to result in the denial of the defendant's right to a fair trial." Id. at 685 (quoting Greer v. Miller, 483 U.S. 756, 765, 107 S.Ct. 3102, 97 L.Ed.2d 618 (1987) (internal quotation marks omitted)). "The touchstone is fairness of the trial, not the culpability of the prosecutor." Id. Finally, "[n]ot every intemperate or improper remark mandates the granting of a new trial;" id., "[r]eversible error occurs only when the unavoidable effect of the challenged comments would prejudice the jurors and form in their minds a fixed bias and hostility toward the defendant such that the jurors could not weigh the evidence and render a true verdict." Id.
In an effort to demonstrate the arguable merit of the ineffectiveness claim as it relates to trial counsel's failure to object to alleged prosecutorial misconduct that occurred during opening statements, Appellant contends that the prosecutor's comments: (1) "set a tone of drama, passion, and prejudice against [him]," Initial Brief for Appellant at 46; (2) referenced improperly the emotional impact the crimes had on the victims' family members and the investigators who recovered the victims'
To establish the arguable merit of his ineffectiveness claim relating to trial counsel's failure to object to the alleged prosecutorial misconduct that occurred during the trial, Appellant submits that the prosecutor: (1) "intentionally elicited the emotional impact of the crimes on various witnesses in a blatant attempt to inflame the passions of the jury;" Id. at 49; (2) presented irrelevant evidence to garner sympathy for prosecution witnesses; (3) exceeded the limitations placed on the admission of other crimes evidence; and (4) presented false and misleading testimony with respect to the agreements the Commonwealth had entered into with prosecution witnesses Bill Curley and Kirk Schrader.
To demonstrate the arguable merit of his ineffectiveness claim relating to trial counsel's failure to object during closing argument, Appellant contends that the prosecutor: (1) personally attacked defense counsel; (2) expressed his personal opinion regarding the evidence and the veracity of witnesses; and (3) misrepresented trial evidence. Finally, relevant to the arguable merit of the ineffectiveness claim as it relates to trial counsel's failure to object to prosecutorial misconduct in the penalty phase, Appellant maintains that the prosecutor: (1) argued in favor of the death penalty by relying on non-statutory factors; and (2) misstated the law during closing arguments.
Proceeding to the reasonable basis prong of the ineffectiveness test, Appellant generically asserts, in relation to all of the claims of prosecutorial misconduct in the aggregate, that "[t]rial counsel could have had no reasonable basis for failing to object and seek corrective measures from the court." Id. at 54. Significantly, he does not explain what particular corrective measures should have been sought to remedy each individual instance of purported prosecutorial misconduct. Presumably ignoring that he has already had an evidentiary hearing, and chose not to question trial counsel regarding these claims, Appellant states, "[a]ny suggestion that counsel's inaction was the product of reasonable strategy rather than mistake or neglect should be resolved after a hearing." Id. at 55.
Finally, regarding the prejudice prong of the ineffectiveness test, Appellant's entire analysis is as follows:
Id. at 55.
In response, the Commonwealth addresses the arguable merit of each alleged incident of prosecutorial misconduct, and concludes, after thoughtful analysis, that none of statements of the prosecutor amounted to prosecutorial misconduct. It argues that Appellant also failed to demonstrate the "unreasonable act or omission" prong of the ineffectiveness test because he failed to introduce evidence of counsel's thought process regarding this claim. The Commonwealth emphasizes that a PCRA petitioner has the burden of proving each element of a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, and that Appellant's failure to examine trial counsel's reasoning, when afforded an opportunity to do so, is fatal to his claim.
Upon review of the record, we find support for the PCRA court's conclusion that Appellant failed to demonstrate that trial counsel lacked a reasonable basis for failing to lodge objections and/or seek cautionary instructions relating to each instance of purported prosecutorial misconduct.
Appellant attempts to overcome his failure to elicit trial counsel's thought process regarding this particular claim by emphasizing trial counsel's general PCRA hearing testimony that he had no strategic purpose for failing to raise meritorious claims on appeal. See N.T. May, 31, 2006, at 50 (wherein trial counsel testifies that his general appellate practice was to raise any issue on appeal "that might well be viable."). Trial counsel's general appellate practice, however, sheds no light on the only relevant inquiry of whether trial counsel acted reasonably by failing to lodge objections and/or seek cautionary instructions at trial for each of the several alleged instances of prosecutorial misconduct.
This Court has recognized that "[c]ounsel are not constitutionally required to forward any and all possible objections at trial, and the decision of when to interrupt oftentimes is a function of overall defense strategy being brought to bear upon issues which arise unexpectedly at trial and require split-second decision-making by counsel." Commonwealth v. Spotz, 582 Pa. 207, 870 A.2d 822, 832 (2005). Under some circumstances, trial counsel may forego objecting to an objectionable remark or seeking a cautionary instruction on a particular point because "[o]bjections sometimes highlight the issue for the jury, and curative instructions always do." Id.
Our recent decision in Lesko illustrates this point. There, the PCRA petitioner contended that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request an appropriate limiting instruction when the trial court admitted evidence of the petitioner's prior bad acts.
Appellant next argues that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to investigate and present mitigating evidence during the penalty phase of trial. He maintains that his claim has arguable merit because counsel failed to present available evidence establishing that Appellant had a history of family abuse and neglect, and suffered from the psychological disorders of personality disorder (not otherwise specified) and attention deficit-hyperactive disorder ("ADHD"). Appellant submits that rather than presenting this persuasive evidence of mitigation, trial counsel presented only the testimony of Appellant's mother, which spanned a sparse five pages of transcript. See N.T. Apr. 12, 1996, at 21-25. Appellant's mother testified that she and Appellant's father divorced when Appellant was seven years old; she worked two jobs trying to make ends meet; her ex-husband was abusive to Appellant when she was not at home; and, because of her work schedule, she did not see Appellant or his sisters very much. Id. Appellant maintains that trial counsel likewise gave a sparse and unconvincing closing argument, requesting only that the jury consider that Appellant grew up on his own without the care of his father, and while his mother continually worked to pay the bills. Id. at 32-36.
In support of his claim that trial counsel overlooked available evidence of neglect and abuse, Appellant relies on the testimony provided at the PCRA evidentiary hearing by his sister, Tracy Glover, and
Glover's childhood friend, Joanne Budinas, corroborated Glover's testimony by asserting that she observed "screaming matches" between Appellant's parents. Id. at 15. Budinas also saw the bruises on Glover's back and legs, resulting from her father's beatings when she was a child. Id. at 16. She testified that Appellant's home life was unstable and lacked nurturing because the family frequently moved and the homes in which the family lived were always in disarray, and often without utilities due to non-payment. Id. at 10, 12, & 13.
In support of his claim that trial counsel overlooked available evidence of Appellant's psychological disorders, Appellant relies on the testimony provided at the PCRA evidentiary hearing by Dr. Edward Dougherty. Dr. Dougherty opined that instability and neglect impacted Appellant's identity and personality, and caused him to develop an "avoidant" method of coping. These conditions, he explained, contributed to Appellant developing features of personality disorder (not otherwise specified) and borderline anti-social features, which affected Appellant's ability to function and relate to others. Id. at 119-20. Dr. Dougherty also opined that Appellant has an impulsive disorder brought on by the stress of his family background, id. at 115, and suffers from ADHD, which affects the executive functioning area of the brain, making him impulsive and unable to consider fully and appreciate the consequences of his actions. Id. at 220. He also explained that Appellant had a history of alcohol abuse, beginning at age 15. Id. at 103. Appellant contends that without the testimony of a mental health expert such as Dr. Dougherty, the jury was left with no means of understanding his character and the disorders that led to his significant impairment.
As to the second prong of the ineffectiveness test, Appellant argues that counsel's deficient performance had no reasonable strategic basis, as the penalty phase was an afterthought to trial counsel, who explained that his primary focus was on the guilt phase. Id. at 5. He emphasizes that trial counsel acknowledged that he focused on the guilt phase until "right up to trial," and never had Appellant evaluated by a mental health professional. Id. at 10, 17. According to Appellant, this constitutes constitutionally deficient performance. See Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 395, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000) (providing that counsel's actions "fell short of professional standards" when, inter alia, counsel "did not even begin to prepare for [penalty phase] until a week before trial"). He contends that counsel's reliance upon his own lay diagnoses of Appellant's mental health was misguided and did not meet the standard of practice of a defense attorney in a capital case. See Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 387, 125 S.Ct. 2456, 162 L.Ed.2d 360 (2005) (quoting ABA STANDARD 4-4.1 (2d ed.1982 Supp.)) (providing that "[i]t is the duty of the lawyer to conduct a prompt investigation of the circumstances of the case and to explore all avenues leading to facts relevant to the merits of the case and the penalty in the event of conviction."); Commonwealth
Finally, Appellant contends that the third prong of the ineffectiveness test is satisfied because he was prejudiced by counsel's failure to investigate reasonably and present available life history information, and to provide such information to a mental health expert who could offer a professional opinion regarding how the life history impacted Appellant's behavior. According to Appellant, "[i]nformation about [Appellant's] personality disorder and ADHD, presented to the jury by a qualified mental health expert, would have been highly mitigating, as would the information that [Appellant's] traumatic childhood damaged his psyche and brought about his disorders. The jury learned little or nothing about [Appellant] before deciding on a sentence of death." Initial Brief of Appellant at 69. Appellant concludes that he has demonstrated prejudice because it is reasonably likely that such evidence could have swayed one juror that a life sentence was more appropriate, and that the outcome of the penalty hearing would have been different.
In denying relief on this claim, the PCRA court held that "although trial counsel admittedly devoted little time to developing mitigation evidence and presented little evidence at the penalty phase, there is in fact virtually no mitigation evidence available for [Appellant]." PCRA Ct. Opinion, Jun. 30, 2009, at 9. It stated:
Id. at 9-10. The PCRA further opined that the "more detailed and anecdotal" testimony of Tracy Glover and Joanne Budinas was cumulative of the evidence already presented at Appellant's penalty phase trial. Id. at 10. The court concluded that "[s]urely it would not be lost on a jury that, as difficult as [Appellant's] childhood may have been, he was not murdered at age 9 for being a `loose link' [as was Hopper in the instant case]." Id.
The Commonwealth argues that the PCRA court's conclusions are supported by the record and free of legal error. It contends that Appellant's claim fails for lack of arguable merit because it is premised almost entirely on the testimony of his own mental health expert, which the PCRA court expressly rejected as unworthy of belief. The Commonwealth also argues that the remaining mitigation evidence of Appellant's life history proffered by Glover and Budinas was either cumulative of that presented at Appellant's penalty trial or was irrelevant, as it related to incidents involving Appellant's sister, and not Appellant himself. It also submits that Appellant has failed to introduce evidence
"In evaluating a claim of constitutional deficiency in investigating and presenting mitigating evidence, we consider a number of factors, including the reasonableness of counsel's investigation, the mitigation evidence that was actually presented, and the additional or different mitigation evidence that could have been presented." Lesko, 15 A.3d at 380. "None of these factors, however, is by itself dispositive, because even if the investigation by counsel was unreasonable, this fact alone will not result in relief if the defendant cannot demonstrate that he was prejudiced by counsel's conduct." Id.
We begin by assuming for purposes of argument that Appellant has demonstrated the arguable merit of his ineffectiveness claim, and that trial counsel lacked a reasonable strategy in presenting a single mitigation witness, whose scant testimony revealed only that Appellant's childhood was less than ideal. It is clear that trial counsel's efforts were focused primarily on the guilt phase of trial, notwithstanding that Appellant faced two sentences of death in the penalty phase. Even assuming, however, that trial counsel's stewardship was constitutionally deficient, we have no hesitation concluding that Appellant has failed to demonstrate that he was prejudiced by trial counsel's regrettable performance in this regard. See Lesko, 15 A.3d at 374 (providing that if a claim fails under any element of the ineffectiveness test, the court may proceed to that element first).
To demonstrate prejudice, a petitioner must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for trial counsel's errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Commonwealth v. Malloy, 579 Pa. 425, 856 A.2d 767, 788 (2004) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052). "A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." Id. The United State Supreme Court recently explained in Sears v. Upton, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 3259, 177 L.Ed.2d 1025 (2010), that to assess the probability of a different outcome under Strickland, we consider the totality of the available mitigation evidence adduced both at trial and on collateral review, and reweigh such mitigation evidence against the evidence in aggravation. Sears, at 3266; see also Commonwealth v. Gibson, ___ Pa. ___, 19 A.3d 512, 526 (2011) (holding that in making the ultimate prejudice assessment, we reweigh the evidence in aggravation against the totality of available mitigating evidence, which includes the evidence presented at the penalty hearing and the evidence that would have been presented had counsel conducted a proper investigation). This Court has recognized that such reweighing of mitigating and aggravating evidence is not an exact science, as a reviewing court cannot determine with certainty how the jury would have evaluated testimony it never heard. Id. "Nevertheless, we can evaluate the relative strength of the aggravation
Considering the full record before us, it is not probable that at least one juror would have accepted at least one mitigating circumstance and found that it outweighed the Commonwealth's aggravating circumstances had the juror been aware of the mitigation evidence proffered at the PCRA hearing. See Wiggins, at 537, 123 S.Ct. 2527 (standard for assessing prejudice from deficient stewardship in presentation of mitigating evidence is whether "there is a reasonable probability that at least one juror would have struck a different balance."). As recognized by the PCRA court, the mitigation evidence presented at the PCRA hearing was far from compelling. Instead, the bulk of the mitigation evidence presented, i.e., Dr. Dougherty's testimony demonstrating that Appellant manifested features of a personality disorder and suffered from ADHD, was expressly rejected as unworthy of belief by the PCRA court. A review of the Commonwealth's cross-examination of Dr. Dougherty sheds light on why the PCRA court rendered the testimony "weightless." PCRA Ct. Opinion, Jun. 30, 2009, at 9. The Commonwealth effectively cross-examined Dr. Dougherty by reiterating Appellant's meticulous planning, execution, and cover-up of the murders, and questioning the mental health expert regarding whether such acts were consistent with characteristics of a person who suffers from ADHD, and thereby has difficulty staying on task and completing an assignment. See N.T. May 31, 2006, at 194-99. Also on cross-examination, the Commonwealth challenged Dr. Dougherty's finding that Appellant manifested features of a personality disorder, and led Dr. Dougherty to acknowledge that he could not provide a definitive diagnosis of that particular impairment. Id. at 164. Because the record supports the PCRA court's conclusion that the jury would not have given much, if any, weight to Dr. Dougherty's testimony, we defer to that determination.
We next examine the life history evidence of mitigation presented by Appellant's sister and his sister's childhood friend. This evidence was informative as it illustrated effectively that Appellant was neglected and abused as a child, having been raised in an environment lacking supervision, stability, and love. While the scant testimony of Appellant's mother at Appellant's penalty trial touched upon these issues, the testimony presented at the PCRA hearing by Glover and Budinas contained much more detail and painted a clearer picture of Appellant's unfortunate childhood. Such evidence, however, pales in comparison with the aggravating circumstances found by the jury. As noted, in relation to Appellant's conviction of the first degree murder of Clark, the jury found the aggravating circumstance of conviction of another murder either before or at the time of the offense at issue, 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(d)(11). This Court has recognized the substantial strength of the aggravating circumstance of multiple murders in determining prejudice allegedly suffered by counsel's failure to present sufficient mitigation evidence. Lesko, 15 A.3d at 385 (emphasizing the strength of the aggravating circumstance that defendant committed multiple murders within a one-week period in connection with a claim challenging counsel's effectiveness for failing to present mitigation evidence); Cox, 983 A.2d at 697 (providing that where the defendant is responsible for multiple murders, he has greater difficulty in securing Strickland relief premised on foregone, supplemental mitigation evidence). Based on the entirety of the record, we likewise conclude that the mitigation evidence of Appellant's unfortunate childhood is clearly
We reach the same conclusion regarding the weighing of aggravating and mitigating evidence relating to Appellant's conviction of the first degree murder of Clark's nine year-old son, Hopper. Concerning that conviction, the jury found two aggravating circumstances, including conviction of another murder, and that the victim was less than twelve years' old. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(d)(16). The fact that the second victim was a defenseless child weighs far heavier in aggravation. Accordingly, we reach the inescapable conclusion that there is no reasonable probability that one juror would have struck a different balance and voted not to impose the death penalty for Hopper's murder if he or she had heard the more detailed life history mitigation evidence set forth at the PCRA hearing. Appellant is therefore not entitled to relief on this claim.
Appellant contends that appellate counsel litigated ineffectively a claim on direct appeal, which related to the testimony of Commonwealth witness Kerrien Ramsey. As noted, Ramsey testified at Appellant's trial that when she was travelling with Appellant, Clark, and Hopper shortly before the murders, Appellant showed Ramsey a loaded gun, and told her he was going to kill Clark. On cross-examination,
On direct appeal, counsel forwarded the argument that the trial court erred by limiting its cross-examination of Ramsey. Finding that Appellant made "little argument on this claim in his brief," Koehler, 737 A.2d at 239, our Court held that the claim was meritless because, "while a witness may be questioned about drug or alcohol abuse at the time of the events about which he or she is testifying, questions about a witness's drug use at a time other than the time about which the witness is testifying are not permitted." Id. The opinion on direct appeal did not describe the claim as involving an improper invocation of the Fifth Amendment.
Appellant now contends that appellate counsel was ineffective in the manner by which he litigated the claim on direct appeal. He argues that his claim possesses arguable merit because appellate counsel failed to argue that the trial court erred by allowing Ramsey to invoke her Fifth Amendment right to self-incrimination absent a determination by the court that she faced "substantial and real" hazards of incrimination. See Initial Brief for Appellant at 72 (citing Marchetti v. United States, 390 U.S. 39, 53, 88 S.Ct. 697, 19 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968) for the proposition that a witness's mere unwillingness to testify is inadequate to sustain a Fifth Amendment claim in the absence of a determination by the court that substantial and real hazards
In response, the Commonwealth maintains that the ineffectiveness claim lacks arguable merit because the trial court did not err in permitting Ramsey to invoke the Fifth Amendment when asked whether she used illegal drugs while travelling with, among others, the child victim in this case. It argues that Ramsey's testimony could have potentially subjected her to various criminal charges such as possession of a controlled substance, corruption of minors, and endangering the welfare of children. The Commonwealth additionally asserts that because Appellant did not question trial/appellate counsel regarding this claim at the PCRA evidentiary hearing, he has failed to demonstrate that counsel lacked a reasonable basis in failing to include this issue among those raised on direct appeal.
The PCRA court did not address the arguable merit of this claim, but summarily rejected it, finding that the substantive claim was waived, and that Appellant failed to satisfy his burden of demonstrating ineffectiveness. It emphasized that Appellant failed to produce evidence that counsel's chosen course of action had no reasonable basis designed to effectuate his client's interests. PCRA Ct. Opinion, Dec. 30, 2009, at 1. The court further stated that Appellant failed to explore appellate counsel's reasoning in failing to preserve the claim on appeal. Id. at 6.
The record supports the PCRA court's conclusion that Appellant had the opportunity to question counsel regarding why he failed to purse the Fifth Amendment claim on direct appeal, but asked counsel no questions relating to this allegation of ineffectiveness. Nevertheless, we reject the ineffectiveness claim for lack of arguable merit, as Ramsey clearly could have subjected herself to criminal liability by responding to questions concerning whether she used illegal drugs on her travels with Appellant and the victims. In fact, prior to her testimony on cross-examination, the trial court expressly cautioned Ramsey that she was going to be asked about her illegal drug use, and informed her that she had a Fifth Amendment privilege to refuse to testify about those matters. N.T. Apr. 2, 1996, Vol. XIV, at 2-3. Thus, Appellant is not entitled to relief on this claim because Ramsey had a reasonable basis for believing that her response would be incriminating. See Commonwealth v. McGrogan, 523 Pa. 614, 568 A.2d 924, 930 (1990) (holding that the privilege against self-incrimination prevents an individual from providing evidence which may lead to his own prosecution and may be invoked by an individual who has a reasonable basis for believing his testimony will be incriminatory).
Appellant contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object when the trial court erroneously instructed the jury that it could infer his specific intent to kill from the actions of his accomplice, Curley, thereby relieving the Commonwealth of its burden of proving all elements of first degree murder. He relies
N.T. Apr. 11, 1996, Vol. XXVII, at 29 (emphasis added).
Appellant concludes that, pursuant to this instruction, the jury could have improperly inferred that he had the specific intent to kill based solely on the fact that Curley possessed such intent. He maintains that because this Court's decision in Huffman was published two years prior to his trial and expressly prohibited the charge given to his jury, trial counsel could have had no reasonable basis for failing to object.
The Commonwealth responds that this issue is controlled by our Court's decision in Commonwealth v. Daniels, 600 Pa. 1, 963 A.2d 409 (2009). In Daniels, we held that the PCRA petitioner was not prejudiced by counsel's failure to challenge the trial court's specific intent to kill instructions, even though an isolated portion of the charge appeared to have violated the ruling in Huffman.
As in Daniels, the Commonwealth submits, the trial court below correctly charged the jury on accomplice liability and the law of criminal conspiracy, N.T. Apr. 11, 1996, Vol. XXVII, at 19-21, as well as the elements of first degree murder, including that the defendant must possess the specific intent to kill. Id. at 28-29. Further, the Commonwealth asserts, the jury charge informed the jury that the Commonwealth bore the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt each element of the crime charged. Id. at 2, 3. Thus, it concludes that because the charge, when viewed as a whole, instructed the jurors that Appellant must independently possess the specific intent to kill. Appellant's ineffectiveness claim fails.
The PCRA court summarily rejected this claim, not on the prejudice prong as suggested by the Commonwealth, but on the grounds that Appellant failed to produce evidence that counsel's chosen course of action had no reasonable basis designed to effectuate his client's interests. PCRA Ct. Opinion, Dec. 30, 2009, at 1. The court further stated that Appellant failed to explore appellate counsel's reasoning in failing to preserve the claim on appeal. Id. at 6. Alternatively, however, the PCRA court held that the ineffectiveness claim lacked arguable merit because Appellant's underlying Huffman challenge ignored the context of the court's broader instructions regarding accomplice and co-conspirator liability. Id. at 5 n. 6. The court further emphasized the factual differences between Huffman and the instant case by pointing out that in Huffman, the defendant and another individual simultaneously beat a man to death, and that the trial court erred by instructing the jury that the principal's state of mind could establish the accomplice's specific intent to kill. Here, the PCRA court opined, there was no suggestion that anyone other than Appellant's codefendant shot and killed the victims—the prosecution's theory was that Appellant supplied the gun, planned the killings, brought the victims to Curley, and encouraged, ordered, and threatened Curley to kill them. Unlike in Huffman, the PCRA court held that because the codefendant used a deadly weapon on vital parts of the victims' bodies pursuant to Appellant's commands, the jury could infer that Appellant himself had the specific intent to kill because he conspired with and assisted the codefendant. PCRA Ct. Opinion, Dec. 30, 2009, at 5 n. 6.
Appellant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request a jury charge stating that mere presence at the crime scene and knowledge of the crime are insufficient to establish conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt. He submits that counsel's failure to request the charge casts doubt upon his murder convictions as well because he was not the actual shooter of the two victims, and the prosecution's sole theory of culpability for the murders relied on accomplice or conspirator liability. Thus, Appellant contends there is arguable merit to his ineffectiveness claim because, in the absence of the "mere presence and knowledge" charge, there is a strong likelihood that the jury reached its guilty verdicts on less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt. He maintains that counsel could not have had a reasonable basis for failing to request such instruction. Finally, Appellant submits, there is a reasonable likelihood that had trial counsel requested the instruction, the court would have given it, and the outcome of the trial would have been different.
The Commonwealth argues that this claim lacks arguable merit because the "mere presence and knowledge" instruction was not required. It asserts that the trial court correctly instructed the jury on the elements of criminal conspiracy, expressly acknowledging that the defendant must enter into an agreement that a member of the conspiracy will commit a crime. See N.T. Apr. 11, 1996, Vol. XXVII, at 33-35. This apprised the jury, the Commonwealth submits, that more than mere presence and knowledge of the crime is required. Moreover, it asserts, when instructing on accomplice liability, the trial court specifically informed the jury that a "defendant does not become an accomplice merely by being present at the scene or knowing about a crime." Id. at
The PCRA court summarily rejected this claim, finding that the substantive claim was waived, and that Appellant failed to satisfy his burden of demonstrating ineffectiveness. It emphasized that Appellant failed to produce evidence that counsel's chosen course of action had no reasonable basis designed to effectuate his client's interests. PCRA Ct. Opinion, Dec. 30, 2009, at 1. The court further stated that Appellant failed to explore appellate counsel's reasoning in failing to preserve the claim on appeal. Id. at 6.
We agree with the PCRA court that Appellant is not entitled to relief. The record supports the court's conclusion that Appellant failed to explore at the PCRA hearing trial counsel's strategy in not requesting the "mere presence and knowledge" charge. More significantly, however, we conclude that the proposed charge, while an accurate statement of the law, was unnecessary given that the trial court correctly charged the jury on the elements of conspiracy.
Appellant contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object
The Commonwealth responds that this ineffectiveness claim fails for lack of arguable merit because Appellant has failed to identify the testimony, evidence, or argument to which trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object. See Commonwealth v. Briggs, 608 Pa. 430, 12 A.3d 291, 341 (2011) (rejecting a claim as waived for lack of development where the defendant fails to refer to particular evidence of record supporting the claim and fails to develop his argument). The Commonwealth also contends that the claim fails because Appellant did not question trial counsel regarding this claim at the PCRA evidentiary hearing, and, therefore, did not demonstrate that he lacked a reasonable basis for failing to object during the penalty phase of trial.
The PCRA court summarily rejected this claim, finding that the substantive claim was waived, and that Appellant failed to satisfy his burden of demonstrating ineffectiveness. It emphasized that Appellant failed to produce evidence that counsel's chosen course of action had no reasonable basis designed to effectuate his client's interests. PCRA Ct. Opinion, Dec. 30, 2009, at 1. The court further stated that Appellant failed to explore appellate counsel's reasoning in failing to preserve the claim on appeal. Id. at 6. While the record supports the PCRA court's conclusion in this regard, we deny relief based on the lack of arguable merit due to Appellant's failure to identify those portions of the record which he found objectionable. See Commonwealth v. Smith, 604 Pa. 126, 985 A.2d 886, 906 (2009) (holding that the defendant's failure to develop properly his argument with proper citation to the record results in waiver of the claim).
Appellant argues that because the Commonwealth injected his future dangerousness into the case by presenting evidence of his other crimes and referring to him as a "hit man,"
The Commonwealth responds that the claim fails for lack of arguable merit because the evidence to which Appellant cites does not implicate his future dangerousness. Rather, it contends, the testimony establishing that Appellant was a "hit man" was presented to illustrate why Curley would have believed Appellant when he offered to train Curley to become an assassin. According to the Commonwealth, the reasonable inference the jury would draw from the "hit man" reference is not that Appellant is a continuing threat to society, but that Appellant presented himself as a hired gun, acted in a manner consistent with that role, and, thus, Curley believed Appellant was an assassin. Regarding the testimony relating to Appellant's previous crimes or prior bad acts, it contends that there is no obvious link between Appellant's past crimes or prior bad acts and his future dangerousness, and the Commonwealth did not argue the same to the jury. The Commonwealth concludes that the ineffectiveness claim lacks arguable merit. Moreover, it notes, Appellant did not demonstrate that trial counsel lacked a reasonable strategy in failing to request a Simmons instruction because he did not question trial counsel at the PCRA evidentiary hearing regarding this claim.
The PCRA court summarily rejected this claim, finding that the substantive claim was waived, and that Appellant failed to satisfy his burden of demonstrating ineffectiveness. It emphasized that Appellant failed to produce evidence that counsel's chosen course of action had no reasonable basis designed to effectuate his client's interests. PCRA Ct. Opinion, Dec. 30, 2009, at 1. The court further stated that Appellant failed to explore appellate counsel's reasoning in failing to preserve the claim on appeal. Id. at 6.
We agree with the PCRA court that Appellant is not entitled to relief. To the extent that Appellant argues that his prior bad acts implicate his future
Appellant argues that the trial court erred by denying his March 5, 1996
To the extent Appellant reiterates that a continuance of his trial date was warranted for the aforementioned reasons, the claim has been previously litigated on direct appeal. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9544(a)(2) (providing that an issue has been previously litigated if "the highest appellate court in which the petitioner could have had review as a matter of right has ruled on the merits of the issue"). To the extent Appellant argues additional grounds in support
Finally, Appellant argues that the cumulative error or prejudice arising from the various constitutional violations that occurred in his case warrant relief. As cogently noted by the Commonwealth, this Court has repeatedly held that no number of failed ineffectiveness claims may collectively warrant relief if they fail to do so individually. Commonwealth v. Johnson, 600 Pa. 329, 966 A.2d 523, 532 (2009). Thus, to the extent claims are rejected for lack of arguable merit, there is no basis for an accumulation claim. Commonwealth v. Sattazahn, 597 Pa. 648, 952 A.2d 640, 671 (2008). When the failure of individual claims is grounded in lack of prejudice, however, then the cumulative prejudice from those individual claims may properly be assessed. Johnson, 966 A.2d at 532 (citing Commonwealth v. Perry, 537 Pa. 385, 644 A.2d 705, 709 (1994), for the principle that a new trial may be awarded due to cumulative prejudice accrued through multiple instances of trial counsel's ineffective representation).
Here, we rejected ineffectiveness claims based on a lack of prejudice in connection with the following three claims: (1) Claim VI, relating to trial counsel's failure to present adequate mitigating evidence at the penalty phase; (2) Claim VIII, relating to trial counsel's failure to object to the trial court's instruction on the specific intent to kill required for a first degree murder conviction; and (3) Claim XI, relating to whether trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request a Simmons instruction after the Commonwealth referred to Appellant as a "hit man." We have already decided that these claims individually did not prejudice Appellant, and now conclude that they do not prejudice him when considered in the aggregate. Thus, Appellant is not entitled to relief on his claim of cumulative error.
Accordingly, for the reasons set forth herein, we affirm the order of the PCRA court dismissing Appellant's PCRA petition.
Chief Justice CASTILLE, Justices EAKIN, TODD, McCAFFERY and ORIE MELVIN join the opinion.
Justice SAYLOR files a concurring opinion.
Justice SAYLOR, concurring opinion.
I join Parts I(A), IV, V, VII, VIII and IX of the majority opinion and concur in the result for the balance. My most particular differences are as follows.
Initially, I do not support the majority's treatment of the Commonwealth's non-disclosure of its agreement with witness Kirk Schrader, and specifically, the majority's conclusion that "it strains logic to conclude that Appellant could have used such agreement to impeach Schrader's testimony[.]" Majority Opinion, at 138. In the first instance, the reasoning is inconsistent with
Finally, as to the claim of deficient stewardship arising from trial counsel's failure to prepare adequately for the penalty hearing, I do not share the majority's certitude that a no-prejudice finding is inescapable. See Majority Opinion, at 153-54. The federal constitutional standard pertaining to claims of ineffective assistance of counsel places appellate courts in a difficult position where a trial attorney did not do his job. We are to essentially speculate whether each one (and every one) of twelve individuals, having twelve unique mindsets which we cannot know, would have supported a death sentence, had an appropriate defense presentation been made. See Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 537, 123 S.Ct. 2527, 2543, 156 L.Ed.2d 471 (2003) (explaining that prejudice is assessed according to whether a single juror might have struck a different balance); accord 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(c)(1)(iv). An appellate no-prejudice finding can mean that a capital defendant will never receive a single trial in which he is represented by competent counsel. Indeed, such a finding is tantamount to a determination that adequate representation is merely beside the point, since the defendant never stood a reasonable chance of avoiding a death verdict in any event. The decision is further complicated by the fact that juries do not return such verdicts in every capital case in which the defendant has committed a heinous murder, or even multiple killings.
I am most troubled by the speculativeness inherent in no-prejudice determinations, in view of the volume of cases in which we are being required to undertake them (due to a lack of preparedness on the part of members of the capital defense bar). Whatever the source of the problem—be it underfunding, training deficiencies, or trial management issues within the control of the common pleas courts—it obviously needs to be addressed by the State on an urgent and ongoing basis. In the interim, I believe we should err on the side of providing defendants with one trial at which the defense is guided by a competent, prepared lawyer.
That said, I have regularly discharged my responsibility to apply the governing federal constitutional standard and have supported no-prejudice determinations in other cases. See Commonwealth v. Lesko, 609 Pa. 128, ____, 15 A.3d 345, 418 (2011) (Saylor, J., concurring) (collecting cases). Ultimately, I do so here also, albeit with circumspection.
Id. at 962.
Id. at 429. The PCRA court in Daniels found that this instruction was erroneous and that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object because the instruction failed to inform the jury that the Commonwealth must establish beyond a reasonable doubt that an accomplice to a first degree murder must independently possess the specific intent to kill.
Id. at 28 (emphasis added).
Id. at 33-34. This charge is consistent with the Crimes Code definition of conspiracy set forth at 18 Pa.C.S. § 903(a), which states:
18 Pa.C.S. § 903(a).
